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Stem submerged dicot: Nymphaea

cross section: Nymphaea stem magnification: 100x The bulk of the stem consists of open airy aerenchyma with numerous large air chambers that aide in respiration and buoyancy The vascular bundles are surrounded by a starch containing endodermis in which the red staining casparian strip may occasionally be seen. A pericycle can be seen beneath the endodermis. Like my hydrophytes, xylem tissues are reduced while phloem tissue are well developed and, in lager bundles may form in two distinct patches. cross section: Nymphaea stem magnification: 100x The bulk of the stem consists of open airy aerenchyma with numerous large air chambers that aide in respiration and buoyancy The vascular bundles are surrounded by a starch containing endodermis in which the red staining casparian strip may occasionally be seen. A pericycle can be seen beneath the endodermis. Like my hydrophytes, xylem tissues are reduced while phloem tissue are well developed and, in lager bundles may form in two distinct patches.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules).

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Xylem vessels in Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: P-protein plugs in phloem Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Lambs lettuce texture

Valerianella locusta, lambs lettuce background. Valerianella locusta, lambs lettuce background

Primary xylem and phloem the herbaceous dicot stem: Helianthus

cross section: Helianthus stem magnification: 400x. cross section: Helianthus stem magnification: 400x

Herbaceous Dicot Stem: Parenchymatous Pith in Older Helianthus

cross section: Older stem: Helianthus common name: Sunflower magnification: 100x All vascular tissues in Helianthus are the product of primary growth. There are no signs of secondary growth (growth rings or lateral meristems) as might be seen in woody stems. The uniseriate and cutinized epidermis contains large multicellular trichomes and occasional stomata. The cortex consists of an outermost hypodermis of heavy walled collenchyma, a deeper layer of parenchyma and a deepest band of endodermis (starch sheath). Within the stele the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring and separated from each other by wide medullary rays of parenchyma cells. The collaterally arranged vascular bundles are almost entirely primary phloem and xylem. Each bundle consists of a large outer supportive cap of sclerenchyma fibers (phloem fiber cap), a deeper layer of primary phloem with well-defined sieve tubes and companion cells, and a deepest layer of primary xylem. In between the xylem and phloem, a narrow band of cambium may be seen. In some preparations, the highly lignified cells walls of xylem and mature sclerenchyma are stained red orange. These cells are dead at maturity and can also be distinguished by a heavy cell wall and absence of cytoplasm. The center of the stem is occupied by a pith of parenchyma cells that contain numerous starch storing amyloplasts. cross section: Older stem: Helianthus common name: Sunflower magnification: 100x All vascular tissues in Helianthus are the product of primary growth. There are no signs of secondary growth (growth rings or lateral meristems) as might be seen in woody stems. The uniseriate and cutinized epidermis contains large multicellular trichomes and occasional stomata. The cortex consists of an outermost hypodermis of heavy walled collenchyma, a deeper layer of parenchyma and a deepest band of endodermis (starch sheath). Within the stele the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring and separated from each other by wide medullary rays of parenchyma cells. The collaterally arranged vascular bundles are almost entirely primary phloem and xylem. Each bundle consists of a large outer supportive cap of sclerenchyma fibers (phloem fiber cap), a deeper layer of primary phloem with well-defined sieve tubes and companion cells, and a deepest layer of primary xylem. In between the xylem and phloem, a narrow band of cambium may be seen. In some preparations, the highly lignified cells walls of xylem and mature sclerenchyma are stained red orange. These cells are dead at maturity and can also be distinguished by a heavy cell wall and absence of cytoplasm. The center of the stem is occupied by a pith of parenchyma cells that contain numerous starch storing amyloplasts.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 100x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Vascular bundles in Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Dead Tree Root

Dead tree roots beside the lake shore

Herbaceous dicot vine: Xylem vessels in Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 400x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

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